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Module F – Lessons 41 to 50

Core Knowledge (R) Independent Reading
   
(Review guidelines for publishing Core Knowledge (R) materials at the bottom of this page-view. This lesson is a “READ-ALOUD” Core Knowledge (R) passage that has been rewritten to be at a lower-grade independent reading level complexity than the original, largely by shortening and simplifying sentence structures while maintaining the richness of the text content.) 
    

Lesson 41 – Biography 0001: Toypurina – Woman Warrior,   by Leslie Stall Widener

NEW WORDS: Ajiyivi, Arcangel, Borromeo, Californias, Carmel, Catalina, Catholicism, Chingishnish, Chukit, Clemente, Ernie, Fages, Fedde, Gabrieleno, Gabrielenos, Jose’s, Josefa, Kizh, Manuel, Merriam, Monterey, Montero, Nadine, Regina, Salas, Temejasaquichi, Temejavaguichia, Tongva, Toviscangna, Toypurina, Toypurina’s, Yovaar, abalone, ambushed, baptize, baptized, baptizing, captives, corporal, counterattack, cremation, deceased, disarmed, disrupted, domination, dormitories, dwindling, dysentery, empire’s, ethnographer, executed, fibered, figurines, fouled, fraudulent, garibaldi, generational, godfathers, hart, hulled, influenza, insulate, keech, kelp, lashes, mainlanders, marshes, martyr, martyrs, meadowlands, misinformation, misunderstood, murdered, nonfamily, offshore, olivella, oppression, outbreak, padre, padres, pith, poignant, ranchos, rebelling, recruitment, refusal, remarried, repatriated, resentment, resilient, restraint, rhythms, sagebrush, seaworthy, shackles, sheephead, soapstone, steatite, tannins, thatch, ti’at, ti’ats, tragedies, tule, tumiar, unfurl, unjustly, waterfowl, watertight, wrongly    
   
   

Chapter One: Before Their World Changed
   
Toypurina was born in 1760. She was from the Kizh tribe. That sounds like “Keech.” The name of the Kizh comes from the word for their dome-shaped homes. For 1000s of years, the Kizh lived safely in these domed homes in their homelands. Part of that land is now called Los Angeles County. That’s in California. But Kizh lands went past those bounds. They spread to parts of Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, as well. The Kizh had four offshore islands, too. They are now called Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, San Clemente, and San Nicolas Islands.
   
Each Kizh town was made up of some 50 to 500 people. They had a mild climate and lush lands. These gave to them plenty of food, water, and shelter. Each town was self-governed. It was not part of a collective group.
   
NOTE – This took place in an interview in 1903. It was with ethnographer C. Hart Merriam. He misunderstood a Kizh woman. Her town’s name was Toviscangna. In his notes, he wrongly used her town’s name. He called all of the tribes in the region “Tongva.” But Kizh is the correct tribal name of today’s descendants. Toypurina was Kizh.
   
The Kizh saw their land as a sacred place. They thought that all things were connected. And the land, water, sky, plants, and creatures cared for the people. In return, it was their job to care for and protect the creatures and the Earth.
   
The mountain woodlands were dense. They had tall oaks, pines, and black walnut trees. Nuts, largely the acorn, were a main source of food. They were gathered by the women and children. Raw acorns had a bitter taste. That’s because they had substances called tannins. They would get rid of these tannins. They first ground the hulled acorns into a fine flour. Then they soaked the ground acorns in hot water. After that, the ground acorn meal could be used to make bread or a kind of porridge.
   
Berries grew lots of places. They were on the banks of the waterways and the edges of the woods. Hill were covered in prickly pear cactus, sagebrush, and buckwheat. These plants are quite good for you. They were used as both food and medicine.
   
Kizh land was home to creatures large and small. Ground squirrels, rabbits, and foxes were all over the place. In the mountains, there were bears, bighorn sheep, mule deer, and large cats. Owls, woodpeckers, turkey vultures, hawks, and golden eagles flew over woods and mountains. Kizh men were great hunters. They knew the best times of year to hunt. They knew the best spots to fish. They killed just enough game to feed their kin, and no more. They knew how to care for the land and the water. In return, they were given back more than enough food to live.

In the grasslands, the men would hunt deer and smaller game. They’d look for rabbits, foxes, and coyotes. They flushed out quail, too. They’d bring them down with arrows. But they’d have to keep an eye out for snakes. They would hide under rocks in the tall grass. The cool spaces beneath the rocks gave rattlesnakes shelter from the hot sun.
   
The grasslands provided for much of the needs of the Kizh. This included their homes. Here they found what they’d need to build their dome-shaped homes. They built them with the long branches of the willow tree. They would thatch them with tule. That sounds like “too-lee.” It’s a freshwater marsh grass. Tule grass is native to the Kizh lands. It grows in marshes along freshwater lakes and rivers. Native people up and down the West Coast had long used and traded this long-fibered green plant.
   
Women would harvest chia and other grass seeds. They gathered wild vegetation. They’d look for bulbs and tender plant roots. In late summer, the seed crops had been gathered. The Kizh would then burn their fields to stop the growth of competing plants. This kind of land management allowed key food and medicinal plants to thrive. It helped underground bulbs get the sun that they’d need. That way, they could sprout early when the rainy season began. The new growth attracted deer and other herbivores. They would feed on the sprouts. This would build up the number of creatures that were around for hunting. They used generational wisdom to manage their land. Thus, the Kizh could increase the amount of food that they produced each year.
   
At harvest time, women and older girls carried well-designed baskets. They were made of tule grass. They carried two baskets. One was in one hand. The other was over their shoulder. The women worked fast. They’d use a stick to knock the seeds off the plants and into their baskets. As they worked, the older women shared tales with the younger women and the children. Children were quite important to the Kizh. Their parents spoiled them with love and devotion. And so did the rest of the town. Sharing tales meant that knowledge of Kizh traditions was passed on and would not be lost. Some of their kids became storytellers themselves. In this way, lots of the old tales are still with us.

What would the Kizh do in the winter? They’d head to towns in the mountains. They were northeast of the lower grasslands. You’ll recall how the Kizh kept their meadowlands. They cared for the mountain woods with planned burns, too. These burns of the forest floor cleared out small trees, dense brush, and undergrowth. It also kept at bay the buildup of pine needles, dead leaves, sticks, and fallen trees. Burning this material gave nutrients to the soil. This helped new growth of diverse plants. And it slowed the spread of bad bugs such as wood ticks. That was good for both wildlife and people. While the floor burned, quail flew from the tall grass. And rabbits ran out of the brush. Skilled hunters brought home lots of small game.
   
Large game were hunted for food, too. They’d look for mule deer, bears, and bighorn sheep. Their hides gave to them warm clothes and blankets for the winter. Hides were also hung on the walls. This would insulate homes from the cold.
   
The Pacific Ocean lay to the southwest. It was just a few days’ walk from the grasslands. There was plenty of kelp, seaweed, and other sea plants there for them to use. Waterfowl and mussels were all over, too. The Kizh would hunt seals, otters, and sea lions from large canoes. Fish like garibaldi and sheephead were a source of food from the sea. Whales and dolphins filled the waters around the four islands.
   
One hundred miles of seacoast were quite useful. This let folks in the coastal towns go great distances in their large wood-plank canoes. These were called “ti’ats.” They were quite seaworthy. And they were unique to the Kizh and one other tribe that was near them.
   
They were built with long wooden planks. And they were made watertight by seals from a natural tar substance. That was mixed with spongy pith from the inside of tule grass reeds. A ti’at could hold up to 30 passengers! And they were fast and reliable.
   
The Kizh were masters at trade. With the ti’ats, they could go back and forth from the islands to the coast. This made communication and trade possible between the mainland and the islands.
   
The varied isles had different resources for trade. Steatite was plentiful on Catalina Island. (It’s also known as soapstone.) Its strength made it good for carving. They’d make it into cooking vessels, ceremonial pipes, and figurines. Abalone and olivella shells were carved into beads. These beads, along with sea lion and sea otter pelts, were used to trade for goods that the islanders had need of from the mainland.

Kizh who lived on the islands would trade with the mainlanders. They’d barter for deer meat and other large game. They’d trade, too, for the tule grass that they needed. They used it to build their homes, weave baskets and mats, and make clothes such as grass skirts.
   
The Kizh used the seasons as their guide. They looked for nuts and seeds when these were plentiful. The weather was mild, and they could hunt year-round. But the best hunting came after the animals had grown fat from grazing all summer. They would have eaten lots of nuts and berries. The Kizh knew the rhythms of the natural world. And they planned their work accordingly.
   
Each Kizh town was ruled by its own chief. They were called the “tumiar.” The main job of a chief was to keep their people united while never losing track of the ideology of the people. The village chief kept the peace. They would resolve issues among the people. And they would watch over their health and safety.
   
Their hierarchy was based on blood lineage. Chiefs came from the more successful families. These were likely artisans, hunters, or traders. Lots of times, the next in line would be a son or brother. If there were none, tribal elders could appoint a sister or eldest daughter after the chief’s death.
   
But one person held more power than the village chief. That was the village shaman. This role was crucial. Shamans talked with the Great Spirit. Only a shaman could punish another shaman for any wrongdoings.
   
NOTE – The Kizh were a spiritual people. Their origin story says that in the beginning, there was chaos. Out of the chaos and the many chiefs, there was one great chief. He was named Chingishnish. He went to all the Kizh and neighboring villages. He taught the people about the spiritual laws that were passed down from the Creator. He died and ascended into Kizh heaven.

Kizh mourning ceremonies would last for eight days. There would be a number of rituals. These were meant to guide the deceased person on their spiritual path. One practice was to cut down a pine tree. They would strip away its branches. Then they would cover it with paintings. Special baskets were woven for mourning ceremonies. These likely involved cremation and included offerings of personal items such as bows, arrows, beads, seeds, and animal skins.
   
Another practice was the mourning anniversary ritual. This served to remember those who had died during a given year. It was most poignant when there were multiple deaths in a family or clan. Food and gifts were prepared to take to the ceremony. The faces of those who had passed were painted on grass matting. These ceremonies were organized by the chiefs of different villages. They often involved more than one community. The rituals lasted a number of days. At this special time, the dead were recalled with tales, song, and dance.
   
Life for the Kizh and the other Indigenous tribes of California would first be disrupted. Then, eventually, it would simply be destroyed. In 1769, Spanish missionaries arrived. They began to build a series of missions. They were there to convert the natives to Christianity. And they wished to make the Kizh, and all others who they met, subjects of Spain.

Chapter Two: The San Gabriel Mission
   
In 1542, Spanish sailors showed up. They came up the California coast. They landed on what’s now known as Santa Catalina Island. This was the first contact that we know of between Spain and the Kizh. The Spanish were attacked. Thus, their sailors went back to Spain. More than 200 years passed. Then, in 1769, a group of Spanish colonizers came back. This time, they came to gain control of the region. Their plan was to build lots of missions. They would plant them up and down the coast. In all, they would build 21 missions. When they got there, a Kizh girl named Toypurina was 9 years old.
   
At first, the Kizh were kind to the newcomers. They saw them as visitors. They did not see them as conquerors. But in 1771, the padres (the Spanish priests) began to break ground for a mission. The Kizh then knew that they planned to stay for the long term. They feared that the Spanish would ruin their land. They feared that they would use up their food sources. So, chiefs from two of the towns planned an attack. A large group of armed Kizh came to the building site. They planned to run off the invaders. They wished to stop them from building a mission.
   
This is written down in mission archives. It says that one padre was in fear for his life. He unfurled a painted banner. It had a picture of Mary, the mother of Jesus. This next dramatic gesture was written about by one of the priests. It tells of what the Kizh did when they saw the image. They threw down their arms. This may have been due to Mary’s image. It looked like a female spirit known in the Kizh religion as Chukit. Or they may have disarmed since the Spanish were pointing guns at them!
   
We’ll never know the reason. But the priests interpreted the act like this. They chose to think that the act of laying down arms meant that the Kizh might accept Christianity.
   
Showing the banner stopped the first act of Kizh defiance against the missions. After this scare, the priests made a request. They asked that more soldiers be sent from Spain. They could help to guard the mission while it was being built. But the new soldiers turned out to be a source of problems for the priests. And their presence was very bad for the Kizh.

Soldiers at the missions would treat the Kizh cruelly. Lots of notes were written about soldiers on horseback who would ride out to remote Kizh towns. When the Kizh saw them coming, they ran. The soldiers rode them down. The Kizh men tried to resist this treatment. When they did this, they were often killed by muskets.
   
We turn now to one month after the new soldiers got there. A brutal clash occurred. This time, a Kizh chief was killed. Soon after, a Kizh child was brought to the mission. They asked for him to be baptized. The child was the son of the murdered chief! The reasons for this action can’t be known for sure. Maybe it was done as a show of peace by the Kizh. Or they just hoped that the Spanish would leave them be. But the Spanish missionaries did not see things that way. They thought that this meant the Kizh had accepted the mission. They thought that the Kizh now wished to join the Catholic Church.
   
Mission San Gabriel Arcangel, or the San Gabriel Mission, was finished in 1771. It was the fourth California mission to be built. These missions had a number of purposes. They were there to grow food. This would feed the Spanish soldiers. They were there to convert the locals to Catholicism. And they were there to build pueblos, or towns, for the Spanish settler families. How would the missions and the military fort get support? Workers were needed to grow the food and care for the herds of cattle, sheep, and pigs. The goal of the missionaries was to replace some of the native traditions. They wished to swap out their hunting and gathering with European-style agriculture and ranching.
   
The Spanish government gave the Kizh homelands away. They gave them to retired soldiers and settlers. They hoped that this would draw more folks to the region. These parcels of land were in the Spanish style of ranchos. So, Kizh lands decreased. So did their seed crops, hunting spots, and water sources. Key Kizh food sources were ruined. That’s because grasslands were turned into grazing lands for animals. Cattle and sheep ate the grass before it could produce seeds. And pigs tore up the ground. They would eat bulbs and plant roots. The beasts trampled the tule grass that grew in the marshes. They fouled the waters. And they scared off the wild game. Armed settlers kept the Kizh from using the water sources that had belonged to the people of that region.

Now the Kizh had a dwindling food supply. Lots of them had no choice but to move into the missions. That way, at least they would not starve. The priests at San Gabriel gave a name to the Kizh who were inside the mission. They called them “Gabrielenos.” There was a clear expectation. Work would be exchanged for food and lodging. What they wrote down was called “recruitment.” But once the Kizh came to the mission, they were held as prisoners. They faced physical restraint. And as one priest wrote, if they ran away from the mission, “they would be tracked and sought. And then they would be punished.”
   
To make things worse, the Spanish did not just think that it was their duty to convert the Kizh to Catholicism. They also thought that the Kizh should take on the Spanish way of life, in general. Huge social and cultural changes were forced on the Kizh. This involved the creation of a labor class. And it brought a change to the ways of Kizh family life. By moving into the mission, the Kizh found that their traditional way of life was replaced. They were now imprisoned. And they had to live side-by-side with nonfamily members. To the Spanish, and in particular the priests, they were just giving food and shelter to the struggling Kizh. And they thought it was a fair exchange to have them work in the fields and care for the livestock. But for the Kizh, this way of life caused illness and death.

Chapter Three: Illness
   
The Spanish grouped all natives into one “class.” They did this by calling them all Indians. The weeks and months went by. The priests were baptizing, converting, and maintaining those who lived in the mission. They took over the rights and duties of parents to Kizh children. At the age of six, children were snatched from their parents. They were made to live in the mission dormitories. Girls were married off when they were 13 years old. Their husbands were chosen by the priests. Their husbands were either baptized Kizh or Spanish soldiers. Each person in the mission was a legal ward of the priests.
   
Now let’s look in on the Spanish governor of the Californias. He was Felipe de Neve. He wished to limit the padres’ power over the missions. He wished to replace some of that power with government control. Neve thought, too, that some of the natives who lived at the missions should have more self-rule. He wished for them to have more control of their own lives. Baptized captives could now elect two judges. Each judge would be from their own people. They would have some privileges. And they would not face any kind of physical punishment. Each judge was to perform a few duties. For instance, they might act as marriage witnesses. Or they might act as godfathers to natives who were baptized.
   
These new rules made the priests mad. They had now lost some of their control. Let’s meet one of the judges picked by the Gabrielenos. (You’ll recall that they are the Kizh at San Gabriel.) His name was Nicolas Jose. He had been baptized. He had lived in the mission. And he was a convert to the Catholic church.
   
In 1785, there was an outbreak of disease at the mission. This left one-third of the adults dead. It left half of the children dead. The toll included Jose’s young son and wife. He asked that a Kizh mourning service be held for his son. But the priests said “no.” They had stopped all native rituals and ceremonial dances for the Kizh dead.
   
Jose remarried soon after his loss. But his new wife died in just a year. Now, Jose was baptized a Catholic. But he still held a key place of leadership in the religious and political life of the Kizh who were in the mission. He watched the deaths of his fellow Kizh. He saw their lack of control over their lives. Thus, his ire towards the Spanish grew. Someone else watched these hardships unfold, too. Her name was Toypurina.

Toypurina and her family had not moved to the mission. But as she grew up, she heard how lots of her people had suffered and died there. She knew of the huge changes that the Spanish had made in the Kizh homelands. But those in the remote towns, not at the mission, still faced hardships. More and more settlers took their lands. They used force to keep them from their water and food sources. But they still wished to stay far from the missions. How else could they keep their self-rule? How else could they keep their tribal customs? How else could they keep their religious practices and beliefs?
   
NOTE – Seven Giants: The Kizh had a religion now known as “Yovaar.” The name comes from the sacred circle that they worshipped in. Yovaar had a number of deities, or gods. They lived in the sky as constellations. One tale is about seven giants. They held up the world. Sometimes, the giants grew tired and would shift their weight. That would cause an earthquake. Storytellers passed these tales down through the ages. This religion provided a bond between the Kizh, the spirit world, and the natural world. And it provided bonds between Kizh villages and between the Kizh and other peoples. These bonds were resilient and long-lasting.
   
So, Toypurina was raised in a traditional Kizh town. She would have learned the ways of a medicine woman. Her mother and other female kin would have taught her that. She was trained as a shaman. She was a religious leader. She was a healer. In fact, she was thought to be more powerful than a chief. Shamans spoke straight to the Great Spirit. No chief had power over them.

Toypurina was a gifted storyteller. And she was a born leader. She was quite smart and well-spoken. As she aged, her words would be more and more influential. Men and women listened to her. They had respect for her wisdom.
   
Even as a child, she knew that things were not going well for her people. She saw how much they had lost. That’s when the Spanish began to change their world for the worse. As she grew older, her knowledge of these changes increased. So, too, did her resentment. She did not like the priests, the soldiers, or the San Gabriel Mission.
   
One of the biggest grievances was the taking of the Kizh homelands. With more settlers, the size of the Kizh lands shrank. And with the settlers came sickness and diseases. Her people had never before been exposed to such diseases. They had no immunity. Death swept through the Kizh towns. They now faced smallpox, influenza, dysentery, malaria, measles, and other illnesses. Starvation was a problem, too. And lots of babies died. The Kizh were quickly being killed off.

Chapter Four: The Revolt
   
Nicolas Jose kept living at the mission. But in secret, he planned a revolt. What he had seen was just too much for him. He had been through his own life tragedies. He had seen awful things done to people. And he was tired of the priests’ denial of key Kizh practices. He had had enough. He could no longer stand by and not do a thing.
   
Jose asked Toypurina to help him with his plans. He knew that she had the trust of the Kizh. She was a shaman. And she could pull in chiefs and fighters from the towns. He gave her a gift of beaded shell necklaces. This was a fair gift for her. It showed his respect for her as a shaman and as the daughter of a chief.
   
She asked her brother for help. His name was Temejavaguichia. He was the chief of her town. He said that he would help, too. Their plan was to take over the San Gabriel Mission!
   
Toypurina, her brother, a chief named Temejasaquichi, and Jose talked to at least six Kizh towns. At each town, key folks met and discussed the planned revolt. The Kizh thought that Toypurina’s powers as a shaman would help. She could use those powers against the priests in the fight. Then rebels could sneak into the mission. They would then attack the soldiers. But first, someone had to go to the mission. They’d have to tell the Kizh who were in there what the plan was. The man who would do this was Temejasaquichi.
   
He made his first trip to the mission. He acted like he was a friend. The priests did not suspect a thing. But his true plan was to seek out the Kizh people who lived in the mission. He wished to get them to join the revolt against the Spanish. He told the Kizh not to believe a thing that the priests told them. This would only work if they listened to Toypurina, and to no one else.
   
It was October 25, 1785. Toypurina joined Jose, Temejasaquichi, and a chief named Ajiyivi. They led an armed group of fighters. They were all from at least six Kizh towns. Their plan was to lead a sneak assault. They would attack the soldiers who guarded the mission. And they’d do it when it was dark. They would then go in and take over the mission.

But things were not fortunate for the Kizh. A corporal in the Spanish guard knew some of the Kizh language. He had heard talk inside the mission walls. He had told what he’d heard to his commanding officers. The forewarned Spanish military had enough time to plan a defense. They stationed their troops around the mission. They had a good plan for a counterattack.
   
It was the night of the planned revolt. The Kizh leaders led the group of rebels toward the mission. They closed in on the mission walls. But they were ambushed by the soldiers. Toypurina, Jose, and the two Kizh chiefs were caught. So were a dozen or more fighters. They were put in prison in the mission jail.
   
The Spanish called Toypurina a sorceress, among other things. They claimed that she had used her persuasive powers. They said that she had bewitched her people. Her spells talked them into rebelling against the mission.
   
A trial was held for the heads of the revolt. They were made to testify while wearing shackles, or heavy chains. Pedro Fages was then the governor of the Californias. He was in charge of the trial. It was held at the Spanish colonial capital in Monterey.
   
The kinds of questions that were asked were meant to be tricky. Thus, if the prisoners replied, they might accidentally blame each other.
   
In the end, Jose and Toypurina were blamed for the planned revolt. Toypurina admitted that she “came to encourage them (her people) to be brave and fight.” There were 17 captured Kizh fighters. They received between 15 and 25 lashes each. Toypurina stayed in prison at the mission. Jose was sent to the Spanish fort in the San Diego Presidio. They were both held in shackles for two and a half years. There, they would wait for their final sentence.

Fages finally made a decision about the sentence. He had no wish to make the two of them martyrs. So, he did not order them to be executed. Instead, Jose stayed where he was. He served six years of hard labor.
   
Toypurina was banished to the most distant mission. That was Mission San Carlos Borromeo. It was located in what is now Carmel, California. Records make it look like Toypurina accepted Catholicism. She was baptized. She took the name Regina Josefa. It was said that she willingly divorced her Kizh husband. She then married Manuel Montero. He was a soldier of the Royal Presidio of San Carlos of Monterey. She had three children by her Spanish husband. All of them were baptized. It was said that she changed her culture, religion, and way of life. But the Kizh people and her descendants were skeptics. They never thought that she willingly gave up her beliefs.
   
Toypurina died on May 22, 1799. She was 39 years of age. It’s thought that she died from one of the diseases brought to the New World by the Spanish. She died without making a full confession of her sins, as is required by the Catholic Church. Her refusal to do so may have been her last rebellion against the Spanish Empire. It could have been her spit into the face of the cruelty and domination that it had forced on her people.

Chapter Five: Toypurina’s Legacy
   
To this day, Toypurina is seen as a Kizh woman of power and influence. Her story still impacts the Kizh Nation and Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians. She was single-minded. Her efforts were geared to save and keep her people’s way of life. And she cared for the land that had given them support for 1,000s of years. She is unique among colonial records. She’s the only known woman to have led a revolt against European colonial expansion in the native lands of North America. She stood up to the mission system of the Catholic Church. She stood up to Spain’s oppressive military presence.
   
NOTE – The Joan of Arc of California: The Kizh Nation refers to Toypurina as the “Joan of Arc of California.” Both women were religious leaders of their people. Both led a revolt against foreigners. These were people who invaded their countries and threatened the lives of their people. They both experienced great tragedies. They faced arrest, torture, false allegations, and fraudulent trials.
   
The Kizh have an oral tradition of storytelling. Because of this, their traditions and culture are still passed down to each new generation. With these tales, Toypurina lives on in the hearts of her people. Of course, her revolt against Spanish rule was not a success. But she has not been forgotten by them. The Kizh people applaud her role as a fighter. She fought to protect her people. She fought against the oppression forced on them by the Spanish Empire’s army and the cruel mission system.
   
Today, Kizh tribal members still fight their own battles to obtain federal recognition by the U.S. government. They wish to reclaim, at least in part, some of their ancestral land. And they wish for the importance of Toypurina’s life to be recognized. She was a key leader of the Kizh. And that was at a time when women across Europe and the newly formed U.S. lived under the rule of men.

This is a key goal of the Kizh Nation. That is for history to correctly represent Toypurina and all women who have served their countries and made key contributions to society. They wish to see that these women are recalled for their acts of courage. And it should not matter what the period of time or the part of the world that they lived in. The Kizh Nation would also like to correct misinformation. And they would like to be recognized by California and the U.S.
   
Nadine Salas is the daughter of the late Chief Ernie Salas. He led the Kizh Nation and Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians. She said, “We were here. And we are still here.”
   
In 2011, the Fedde Sports Complex in Hawaiian Gardens, California was being built. Workers unearthed Kizh ancestral bones. They were in what was once a Kizh town. The bones were repatriated, or returned, to the Kizh Nation. A tribal ceremony was held in 2014. That was to replace them in their burial site. A sculpture of Toypurina was commissioned to mark their location. Sculptor Rick Hill created the bronze bust of Toypurina. It was based on photos of her direct female descendants. A traditional turkey feather cape covers her shoulders. And she wears shell beads around her neck. The sculpture was installed at the site later in 2014. It honors Toypurina and the Kizh people who were forced to sacrifice their culture and way of life.

   
    
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Glossary
   
artisan, worker who produces goods.
   
    
baptize, to be brought into the Christian community through a water-based ceremony.
   
    
convert, to change the beliefs of.

corporal, army officer.

cremation, act of burning a dead body.
    
    
defiance, resistance.
   
    
ethnographer, someone who records information about human cultures.

expectations, beliefs of what will probably happen.
   
   
fraudulent, dishonest or misleading.
   
   
hierarchy, order of authority.
    
    
ideology, major ideas and beliefs of a group.

insulate, to prevent heat loss.
    
   
labor class, group in society who perform low-paying jobs.
   
   
martyr, someone who has died for a cause.

mourning, grieving.
   
   
oppressive, unjustly overwhelming and controlling.
    
    
remote, far from other settled places.

resemblance, similar appearance.

resilient, able to adjust to or resist change.

restraint, restriction of movement.
    
    
self-sufficient, able to meet one’s own needs.

shaman, priest or priestess, often a key person in an indigenous culture.

sorceress, woman who uses evil magic.
   
    
unfurl, to unroll.
     
   
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Lesson 42 – Suffixes 05: “-FUL”

The suffix “-FUL” means “full of.” Examples: “careful” means “full of care”; “restful” means “full of rest”; “prideful” means “full of pride.” Etc …

   
NEW WORDS: Aretha, Donny, GULAG, Moriarty, appetizers, arrogant, athletics, bagsful, baleful, baneful, barrelful, bellyful, blameful, blissful, boatful, bowlful, boxful, brimstone, capful, carful, cartful, chai, chockful, closetful, crateful, dishful, dishonorable, drawerful, fitful, flowerful, forceful, forkful, fruitful, gainful, gardenful, glassful, gleeful, hasteful, headful, hoarder, houseful, humanity’s, hurtful, jarful, jugful, kettleful, ladleful, lapful, lapped, layoff, loathful, mindful, mulligatawny, nightmares, pailfuls, potting, preacher’s, prideful, restful, roomful, saucerful, sinful, songful, soulful, spadeful, spiteful, spoonsful, statuettes, strifeful, tableful, tactful, tankful, teacupful, tentful, thirstful, toilful, toothful, tourney, trayful, truckful, trunkful, tubful, tuneful, unbashful, undutiful, uneaten, unfearful, unharmful, unhelpful, unhopeful, unhurtful, unjoyful, unlawful, unpainful, unrestful, unskillful, untactful, unuseful, vialful, wasteful, wishful, wistful 
    
   

Mom has brought me armfuls of clothes from the dryer that I need to fold.
   
I felt wistful at work this week because I missed being on our great vacation.
   
We are contributing bagsful of chips and pretzels to our church picnic.
   
It’s wishful thinking on her part if she believes that she can win the tourney.
   
Sherlock Holmes is always on the lookout for signs of the baleful plans of Dr. Moriarty.
   
That child’s defiant, willful behavior is very tough to manage.
   
It is wasteful to throw out uneaten food.
   
The class was out of control and sounded like a barrelful of monkeys!
   
The evil madwoman has concocted a vialful of lethal poison.
   
I won the food-eating contest, but my bellyful of hot dogs has made me sick to my stomach.
   
To me, it’s clear that the V.P. of Marketing is blameful for the botched new product launch.
   
This cracked, rusted tool is totally unuseful and should be thrown out.
   
We had a blissful feeling while overlooking that gorgeous lake.
   
That guy’s gonna get fired if he keeps belting out untactful comments like that.
   
We came back with a boatful of salmon from our fishing expedition.

He may be unskillful at athletics, but he’s an incredible musician.
   
Can you please pour the cat a bowlful of milk?
   
I had an unrestful vacation because I kept getting emergency calls from work.
   
Would you please throw out this boxful of junk?
   
I promise that today’s medical exam will be unpainful.
   
Please swallow this capful of medicine.
   
It is unlawful to park there.
   
How are any people going to fit into that carful of luggage?
   
Our Christmas was unjoyful, as we were missing our pet that had just died.
   
Can you take that cartful of groceries to that elderly lady’s car?
   
Relax, I think that your comment was both fair and unhurtful.
   
I’m unhopeful that the rain will stay away, and I fear that we’ll have to cancel our round of golf tomorrow.
   
Yum, this candy is chockful of nuts.
   
Listen, dearie, right now your nagging is totally unhelpful.
   
How can you have a closetful of nothing but sweaters?

I admit that this tastes bad, but trust me, it’s unharmful and it’s beneficial.
   
Please bring that crateful of melons from the warehouse to the fruit section.
   
She is completely unfearful when going off of the high dive.
   
That undutiful soldier was given a dishonorable discharge.
   
You can give this dishful of table scraps to the dogs.
   
That unpleasant child is unbashful about belching loudly in the school cafeteria.
   
Mom is going to wade through this drawerful of old family photos.
   
I can’t get that tuneful new pop song out of my head.
   
Our dog’s having a fitful sleep, so she must be having nightmares.
   
Kids, I’ve got a tubful of bubble bath waiting for you!
   
Her flowerful garden also contains a few vegetables.
   
The prosecutor was very forceful in making her case.
   
That rich Grande Dame has a trunkful of fancy hats.
   
Honey, you’ve got to try a forkful of my delectable dessert.
   
I think that driver is hauling a truckful of major home appliances.

Your efforts were fruitful in getting the boss to change his mind on this sensitive topic.
   
I’m taking a trayful of appetizers to the Smith’s dinner party.
   
After his layoff, he found gainful employment in just three weeks.
   
Our next-door neighbor has a gardenful of butterflies.
   
That cute kid has quite a toothful grin.
   
I’d love a glassful of ice-cold milk.
   
When he was an inmate in a place within the Soviet GULAG Archipelago, he had to do toilful work each day.
   
The singer is quite gleeful about her performance tonight.
   
You’re going to be thirstful outside on such a hot, dry day.
   
You’ll spoil your dinner if you eat too many handfuls of peanuts.
   
At the flea market, there was a tentful of craft-making artisans.
   
Think this through carefully, and don’t make a hasteful decision.
   
I’d love a teacupful of warm chai tea.
   
Oh, you poor baby, you’ve got a headful of lice.
   
This tankful of gas should last us for the next four hours.

That hoarder has amassed a houseful of porcelain statuettes.
   
The boss was tactful in telling me that I should get a more businesslike wardrobe.
   
The 2023 Canada wildfires had a baneful effect on the air quality in much of the U.S.
   
Donny, that hurtful comment that you just barked out has made your younger sister cry; now please go apologize right now!
   
Let’s look through this tableful of books; they’re all half-price.
   
I’ll empty this jarful of orange marmalade into a nice glass bowl.
   
Those poor refugees have led an unimaginably strifeful existence.
   
That jugful of apple cider is very freshly made.
   
How many spoonsful of sugar will make the medicine go down?
   
Mom has made a kettleful of her famous cream of mushroom-and-leek soup.
   
His spiteful comment to his teacher earned him an hour of after-school detention.
   
I’d love another ladleful of that awesome mulligatawny stew.
   
I’m going to put just one more spadeful of potting soil into this flowerpot.
   
Because of his loathful manners, he will never be invited over to our house again.
   
Aretha Franklin belted out one soulful tune after another one.

I may have been nice to pet the cat for so long, but now I have a lapful of white hair on my black pants.
   
My aunt used to add at the end of every prayer that she would say, “Lord, let us always be ever mindful of the needs of others.”
   
Our back yard was songful due to all of the birds in our birdbath.
   
How many pailfuls of slop has that pig eaten today?!
   
Our preacher’s fire and brimstone sermon went on and on about humanity’s sinful behaviors.
   
She is amazingly skillful at sewing for being so young.
   
The cat voraciously lapped up the saucerful of cream in no time at all.
   
A friend of mine has a saying, “He was as nervous as a bunch of nine-tailed cats in a roomful of rocking chairs.”
   
His prideful attitude certainly leans toward being arrogant, in my view.
   
I enjoyed a restful nap this afternoon.

   
    
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Core Knowledge (R) Independent Reading
   
(Review guidelines for publishing Core Knowledge (R) materials at the bottom of this page-view. This lesson is a “READ-ALOUD” Core Knowledge (R) passage that has been rewritten to be at a lower-grade independent reading level complexity than the original, largely by shortening and simplifying sentence structures while maintaining the richness of the text content.) 
   

Treasure Island,
     
by Robert Louis Stevenson
                   

Lesson 43 – Part One

    
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Lesson 44

    
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Lesson 45

    
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Lesson 46

    
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Lesson 47

    
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Lesson 48

    
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Lesson 49

    
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Lesson 50

    
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Click on this link to move forward to Module F, Lessons 51 – 60
   

      
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